Claude Monet, クロードモネ

Claude Monet, クロードモネ

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クロード・モネ（Claude Monet, 1840年11月14日 - 1926年12月5日）は印象派を代表するフランスの画家。「光の画家」の別称があり、時間や季節とともに移りゆく光と色彩の変化を生涯にわたり追求した画家であった。
生涯

1840年パリに生まれる。5歳の時、一家でノルマンディー地方のセーヌ河口の街ル・アーヴルに移住した。モネは少年の頃から絵画に巧みで、十代後半の頃には自分の描いた人の由来となったことはよく知られている。なお、一般にはパリのマルモッタン美術館所蔵の『印象、日の出』が、この時の出品作だとされているが、これには異説もある。すなわち、マルモッタンの絵は実は「日没」を描いたもので、第1回印象派展に出品された『印象、日の出』は別の作品だとする見方である。物の戯画などを地元の文具店の店先に置いてもらっていた。そうした戯画が、ル・アーヴルで活動していた風景画家ウジェーヌ・ブーダンの目にとまり、彼らは知り合うことになる。ブーダンはキャンバスを戸外に持ち出し、陽光の下で海や空の風景を描いていた画家であった。ブーダンと出会ったことが、後の「光の画家」モネの生涯の方向を決定づけたと言われている。
モネは1860年（1859年とも）、パリに出て、アカデミー・シュイスに学び、ここでピサロらと知り合う。2年間の兵役を経て1862年、グレールのアトリエに入り、ここではシスレー、バジール、ルノワールらと知り合っている。1870年、普仏戦争を避けてロンドンへ赴くが、ここではイギリス風景画の第一人者ターナーを研究した。
1874年、パリで開催された第1回印象派展には『印象、日の出』（1872年の年記があるが、実際の制作は1873年とされる）を出品。この作品が「印象派」という名称の由来となる。
1876年の第2回印象派展には日本の衣装を着けた妻カミーユをモデルにした『ラ・ジャポネーズ』を出品している。これは、風景画家モネによる人物画の大作として注目される。なお、カミーユは1879年、32歳の若さで死去している。
モネはセーヌ河流域のアルジャントゥイユ、ヴェトゥーユなどで制作した後、1890年、パリの西約80kmの郊外にあるジヴェルニーに土地を購入。以後、没するまでこの地で制作を続けた。モネはジヴェルニーに睡蓮の池を中心とした「水の庭」、さまざまな色彩の花を植えた「花の庭」を造った。パリ郊外の観光名所として多くの人が訪れるこの庭自体が、自分の「最高傑作」だと画家自身が言っていたという。
モネは印象派グループの画家のなかではもっとも長生きし、20世紀に入っても『睡蓮』の連作をはじめ多数の作品を残している。ルノワール、セザンヌ、ゴーギャンらはやがて印象派の技法を離れて独自の道を進み、マネ、ドガらはもともと印象派とは気質の違う画家だったが、モネは終生印象主義の技法を追求し続けた、もっとも典型的な印象派の画家であった。
『睡蓮』の連作

睡蓮　1920頃　ナショナル・ギャラリー（ロンドン）

睡蓮　1908　個人蔵
「光の画家」と呼ばれたモネは、同じモチーフを異なった時間、異なった光線の下で描いた連作を数多く制作した。『積みわら』、『ルーアン大聖堂』、『ポプラ並木』などの連作が知られるが、もっとも作品数が多く、モネの代名詞ともなっているのが1890年代から描きはじめた『睡蓮』の連作である。1900年頃からの晩年には他の絵はあまり描かなくなり、もっぱら『睡蓮』に傾注した。1890年代の『睡蓮』には岸に生える柳の木や、池に架かる日本風の橋などのモチーフが描かれていたが、1900年代になると、画面のすべてが水面でおおわれるようになり、水面に浮かぶ睡蓮、水中の茎や水草、水面に映る空や樹木の反映が渾然一帯となって描かれている。晩年は画家が白内障を患い、失明寸前の状態にあったこともあり、画面は限りなく抽象に近付いている。
パリのオランジュリー美術館の2部屋を占める『睡蓮』の大壁画は、1918年、モネの友人でもあったクレマンソー（当時の首相）を通じて、画家が国家に寄付を申し出たものである。この『睡蓮』の展示にあたっては（1）『睡蓮』の部屋には他の作品を展示しない、（2）作品と観客との間に仕切りやガラスなどを設置しない、などモネ自身によって厳しい条件が付けられている。モネが1923年にしぶしぶ白内障の手術を受けたのは、この大作を完成させるためだったという。作品の出来に満足していなかったモネは一時は国家への寄贈を取りやめようとさえ思ったが、クレマンソーはモネに対し「あなたのために国家は多額の出費をした。あなたには寄贈を取りやめるという選択肢はない」との書簡を送った。モネは死の直前までこの大作に筆を入れ続けた。そして「作品の展示は自分の死後にしてもらう」という条件だけは断固として貫いたのである。

Claude Monet also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (November 14, 1840, swDecember 5, 1926) was a French Impressionist painter. His painting Impression, Sunrise was the source for the naming of the Impressionism movement.
Life
Self-portrait.
Monet was born to Adolphe and Louise-Justine Monet of 45 Rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, but his family moved in 1845 to Le Havre in Normandy when he was five. He was christened as Oscar-Claude at the church of Nortre-Dame-de-Lorette. His father wanted him to go into the family (grocery store) business, but Claude Monet wanted to become an artist. His mother was a singer, both parents were second-generation Parisians.
On the first of April 1851 Monet entered the Le Havre secondary school. He first became known locally for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jean-Francois Ochard, a former student of Jacques-Louis David (1748 - 1825). On the beaches of Normandy, he met fellow artist Eugene Boudin, who became his mentor and taught him to use oil paints. Boudin taught Monet en plein air (outdoor) techniques for painting.
On 28 January, 1857 his mother died. Now 16 years old, he left school and his widowed, childless aunt Marie-Jeanne took him into her home.
When Monet travelled to Paris to visit The Louvre, he would see many painters imitating famous artists' work. Monet, having brought his paints and other tools with him, would instead go and sit by a window and paint what he saw.
In June of 1861 Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for two years of a seven-year commitment, but upon his contracting typhoid his aunt Madame Lecadre intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at a university. It is also possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind (whom Monet knew) may have prompted his aunt on this matter.
Disillusioned with the traditional art taught at universities, instead in 1862 he joined the studio of Charles Gleyre in Paris, where he met Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Frederic Bazille, and Alfred Sisley. Together they shared new approaches to art, which later came to be known as Impressionism, featuring open spaces and light painted with thick brushstrokes.
Monet's 1866 Camille or The Woman in the Green Dress (La Femme la Robe Verte), which brought him recognition, depicted Camille Doncieux. Shortly thereafter Doncieux became pregnant and bore their first child, Jean. In 1868, Monet attempted suicide but failed to do so.
During the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), Monet took refuge in England to avoid the conflict. There he studied the works of John Constable and J. M. W. Turner.
From 1871 to 1878 Monet lived at Argenteuil, a village on the Seine near Paris, and here were painted some of his best known works.
Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) (1872/1873).
Upon returning to France, in 1872 (or 1873) he painted Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) depicting a Le Havre landscape. It hung in the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874 and is now displayed in the Musee Marmottan-Monet, Paris. From the painting's title, art critic Louis Leroy coined the term "Impressionism", which he intended to be derogatory.
In 1870, Monet and Doncieux married and in 1873 moved into a house in Argenteuil near the Seine River. They had another son, Michel, on March 17, 1878. Madame Monet died of tuberculosis in 1879.
Alice Hosched decided to help Monet by bringing up his two children together with her own. They lived in Poissy, which Monet hated. In April 1883 they moved to a house in Giverny, Eure, in Haute-Normandie, where he planted a large garden which he painted for the rest of his life. Monet and Hosched married in 1892.
In the 1880s and 1890s, Monet began "series" painting: paintings of one subject in varying light and viewpoints. His first series is of Rouen Cathedral from different points of view and at different times of the day. Twenty views of the cathedral were exhibited at the Durand-Ruel in 1895. He also made a series of paintings of haystacks at different times of day.
Water Lily Pond (Le bassin aux Nympheas) (1889)
Monet was exceptionally fond of painting controlled nature: his own garden in Giverny, with its water lilies, pond and bridge. He also painted up and down the banks of the Seine.
Between 1883 and 1908, Monet travelled to the Mediterranean and painted many landscapes and seascapes such as Bordighera. Landmarks were another subject for Monet in the Mediterranean. His wife Alice died in 1911 and his son Jean died in 1914. Cataracts formed on his eyes for which he underwent two surgeries in 1923. It is interesting to note that the paintings done while the cataracts affected his vision have a general reddish tone, which is a characteristic of the vision of cataract victims. It may also be that after his surgery, he was now able to see certain ultraviolet wavelengths of light that are normally excluded by the lens of the eye [1]; this may have had an effect on the colors he perceived. After his operations he even repainted some of these paintings. Monet died December 5, 1926 at the age of 86 and is buried in the Giverny church cemetery. His famous home and garden with its waterlily pond and bridge at Giverny are a popular drawcard for tourists. In the house there are many examples of Japanese woodcut prints on the walls.
In 2004, London, the Parliament, Effects of Sun in the Fog (Le Parlement, Effet de Brouillard) (1904), sold for over U.S. $20 million.
References
Claude Monet's Biography
A Monet biography
Biography at Foundation Claude Monet Giverny
All About Artists biography of Monet
Biography of Claude MONET
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Claude Monet
Claude Monet Images
Claude Monet
Art of Monet: Web Gallery and Resource
Monet page at Webmuseum
Claude Monet Quotes
Monet images at Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
Claude Monet at Olga's Gallery 189 pictures
Claude Monet by himself
Claude Monet: A Virtual Art Gallery
A high resolution photo of a Monet painting of sunset and the British Houses of Parliament from 1904

The above explanation comes from 出典: フリー百科事典"ウィキペディア"